The Kings Speech Essays

The Kings Speech Essays The Kings Speech Essay The Kings Speech Essay While The Kings Speech draws upon various recorded realities and occasions, this isn't its essential concern. The film is about the impact of a person’s family on how the individual creates. For instance, in The Kings Speech, King George VI’s sibling resigning and his father’s remorselessness had an impact in his stammer and absence of certainty. The film is likewise about the significance of a protected emotionally supportive network, for instance Queen Elizabeth and Lionel Logue were Berties emotionally supportive network and they helped him defeat his stammer and absence of confidence.A third significant issue in the film is about the diverse way to deal with class qualification by British and Australian individuals, as appeared by the desires for Bertie and Queen Elizabeth that Lionel Logue will do anything they desired and Lionel Logues emphasis on chipping away at his own terms. At long last, the film is about how an individual can dive profound into their own character to improve as an individual and in Berties case, a superior King. He defeated his discourse hindrance, outrage and certainty issues to demonstrate to himself, his family and his nation that he was appropriate to be King.The impact of one’s family on how the individual creates is huge. His father’s coldblooded childhood and the joke got from his kin were a contributing variable to his absence of certainty as a youngster. For instance, Lionel asked Bertie: â€Å"Did David ever bother you? † â€Å"Oh yes obviously! Ber-ber-be-bertie. Father empowered it. He said ‘GET IT OUT BOY’. Said it would make me stop. I feared my dad, and my kids are damn well going to fear me! ’† (The Kings Speech, 2010).Also, being compelled to utilize his correct hand when he was normally left-gave and wearing metal supports for thumped knees likewise added to his timidity, which made him build up a stammer. When growing up, it is critical to have a solid emotionally supportive network and without one, the impact on a people certainty can be wrecking. In Berties case, it caused his stammer. Bertie’s sibling relinquishing put much more focus on him and exacerbated the stammer: Bertie conversing with Edward about surrendering, says â€Å"That is horrendous thing to hear. No one needs to hear that, me least of all† (Hooper, 2010).Also, â€Å"I am not a King, I am a maritime official. I’m not a ruler, I’m not a king† (The Kings Speech, 2010). The mental impact his sibling relinquishing had on him, was sufficient to send him back to Logue for more treatment. Bertie was blessed to find that his better half, Elizabeth, gave him the adoration and bolster he didn't get from his own family. She was his spine. Toward the beginning of the film, when George had surrendered and he said â€Å"promise me, no more† (The Kings Speech, 2010), she had confidence in him and realized she needed to continue attempting to locate the ideal individual to help him.It was uniquely through her endeavors, that they discovered Logue. All through the film, at whatever point George was giving a discourse, she would be there on the side of him. â€Å"I’m sure you’ll do great† (The Kings Speech, 2010) were her inspirational statements before Berties last discourse on the war against Germany in the film. The adoration and consolation of a people accomplice can enable the individual to accomplish incredible things. The way that Logue was Australian was additionally a significant component to aiding Bertie defeat his difficulties.The way to deal with class qualification of Australians is diverse to the methodology of British individuals. English individuals accept emphatically in social pecking order. Being Queen, Elzabeths elevated standards spin around deferentialness and full participation of the subject. The laid back character of an Australian is to treat everybody with unif ormity and treat everyone as themselves. These two characters conflict when Elizabeth comes to Logue for help. She anticipates that Logue should do what she needs and is somewhat shocked by how casual he is: Logue to Elizabeth We have to have your hubby pop byHe can give me his own subtleties, Ill make a straightforward evaluation and afterward well take it from that point. I dont have a hubby, we dont pop and nor do we ever discuss our private lives. No you should come to us (The Kings Speech, 2010). Logue declines her interest so she utilizes and imagine a scenario where my significant other were the Duke of York. (The Kings Speech, 2010) yet Logue remains by his guidelines and Logue demands her better half to him: for my strategy to work, I need trust and absolute correspondence. Here in the security of my interview room.No special cases (The Kings Speech, 2010). From the start, this distinction of class made it hard to frame a typical connection between the pair. For instance, B ertie to the Archbishop: â€Å"Lionel will be situated in the lords box† â€Å"But individuals from your family will be situated there sir! † (The Kings Speech, 2010). The bewilderment of the Archbishop when Bertie mentioned for Logue to be situated in the Kings box shows that the relationship was uncommon. Class differentiation influenced Logues treatment of Bertie.On one side, Logue ought to be aware and maintain the Kings solicitation to keep this a carefully business relationship, yet then again if Logue somehow happened to help and instruct Bertie to defeat his discourse, outrage and certainty issues, they must be approaches. Demands, for example, being advised not to sit excessively close or when one is talking with the Prince, one trusts that the Prince will pick the subject was impossible if Logue was going to fix George. â€Å"In here it’s better if we’re equals† (The Kings Speech, 2010). Bertie can't help contradicting Lionel and states: â€Å"If we were approaches, I’d be home with my significant other, and nobody would give a damn† (The Kings Speech, 2010).It would have been substantially more hard for a British language instructor to help Bertie the manner in which Logue did on the grounds that a British individual would not have had the option to defeat the class contrasts the manner in which Logue could. At long last, the film demonstrates that beating affliction helped George to be a superior individual and a superior King. This is on the grounds that the troubles of beating something that had kept him prisoner from an exceptionally youthful age and the certainty he found in doing this, gave him something in the same manner as the British subjects, who were battling when World War Two started.His outrage left and he became more grounded and increasingly sure. The fundamental inspiration for George to defeat his stammer was to demonstrate to himself, his family and his country that he was fit to b e King. The Kings Speech utilizes the authentic story of King George VI to show significant issues that influence all individuals: the requirement for a strong family, the affection and backing of a decent accomplice, the capacity of individuals to fix issues when they set aside class differentiations and what can be accomplished when an individual dives profound into their own character to defeat misfortune. It is an exceptionally moving film. The Kings Speech Essays The Kings Speech Paper The Kings Speech Paper The Kings Speech, coordinated by Tom Hooper, Is a British square created In 2010. The film Illustrates the narrative of Bertie, later delegated King George VI, and his stammer suffering. It follows Berths wifes interest to support her significant other, utilizing Lionel Loge, an Australian discourse pathologist, to help, and possibly fix Bertie of his discourse condition. The Kings Speech disentangles the story of how two altogether unfavorable characters end up the best of companions. Driving cinematographer, Danny Cohen, has utilized an assortment of camera shots, points, development and lighting to enormously improve he change of the characters and the development of their companionship. Cohen opens the legends Introductory scene with a wide shot and troubling lighting to build up an awkward sensation for the watchers, permitting them to authenticity the nonattendance of trust and satisfaction Bertie has felt for an incredible duration. The cinematographer has situated the characters utilizing a topsy turvy strategy to build up the Minimal separation and inconvenience felt among Lionel and Bertie. Situating the pair on either sides of the edge permits Bertie to be portrayed as feeble and detached. Cohen has guaranteed that Lionel is correspondingly introduced marginally if-focus during the straight cut discussion piece, however the camera is situated at a lower point giving a feeling of prevalence over Lionel. This shot and edge expansion permits the crowd to encounter the imbalance felt between the saints. The utilization of the helter-skelter strategy in the number one spot room approach further improves Berths passionate imperative and adds to the separation between the characters during discussion. To improve the feeling of distress and disengagement, Cohen has used an unfriendly lighting procedure out of sight of every one of the characters outlines. Bertie Is typically introduced against a disheartening divider, with neither fake nor regular light In support of himself, imparting his adversely and trouble. Be that as it may, the cinematographer presents Lionel against a jumbled, but then out of center background, with two counterfeit lights behind, and a night lookout window above, adding to his tumultuous but brilliant type of presentation. Furthermore, this lighting variety further uncovered a feeling of disquiet in the midst of the pair. As the scene advances, Lionel demands Bertie to peruse a fragment of content with earphones on, to supplant the reverberation of his voice. Cohen has recorded this piece utilizing a medium two shot, introducing both the characters inside the casing. The crowd is then presented to a delicate zoom upon the characters, alluding to the shaping association and conceivable establishment of their prospective solidarity and the obscuring of social limits. Hooper guarantees that the change o

Computerized Grading System Essay

Robotization has had a remarkable effect in a wide scope of businesses past assembling (where it started). Once-omnipresent phone administrators have been supplanted to a great extent via computerized phone switchboards and replying mail. Clinical procedures, for example, essential screening in electrocardiography or radiography and research center examination of human qualities, sera, cells, and tissues are completed at a lot more noteworthy speed and precision via computerized frameworks. Applying computerization to Grading frameworks wherein it will likewise make an assignment simple and precise. Training must share the duty of growing innovatively educated individuals (Bitter and Legacy, 2008). Both foundational change and educational plan can't be accomplished without the guide of innovation (Fletcher and Wolf, 2007). Evaluating and announcing are generally ongoing marvels in instruction. Truth be told, before 1850, reviewing and detailing were for all intents and purposes obscure in schools in the Philippines. All through a great part of the nineteenth century most schools gathered understudies everything being equal and foundations along with one instructor in one-room school buildings, and hardly any understudies went past basic examinations. The instructor detailed students’ learning progress orally to guardians, as a rule during visits to students’ homes (Guskey). Explores in learning appraisal, particularly as far as scholarly execution, have since a long time ago condemned customary rating plans that give input to understudies. Since learning is multi-faceted, most investigates of such configurations will in general observe these as shallow and deficient contending that they will in general spread just the territories in discovering that are broadly evaluated, leaving different zones in learning under-surveyed. Therefore, various frameworks were proposed and changing rating structures were utilized by various schools in the nation, for example, point framework averaging and weighted averaging. This school year, the Department of Education (DepEd) will utilize another reviewing framework in open basic and secondary schools in association with the execution of K to 12 BEC (Basic Education Curriculum) program. The conventional numerical qualities in report cards will be supplanted by letter-conspire evaluating framework, with â€Å"A† (contracted â€Å"Advanced† level of capability) as the most elevated evaluation and â€Å"B† (short for â€Å"Beginning†) as the least. If this arrangement will be completely executed in the objective school, which in this proposition will be San Isidro Elementary School, the outstanding task at hand of the instructors will be expanded in light of the fact that they should figure for what could be compared to each letter grades. The advocates of this proposition wish to lessen their outstanding burden by dispensing with the requirement for manual calculation and recording of each evaluation. The basic issues experienced in manual chronicle and calculations are mistake and document taking care of, and repetition. As the remaining task at hand bit by bit increments with developing measures of evaluations and understudy records that should be joined in, it gets dull with respect to the educator to capably oversee them in an ideal opportunity for documentation and document accommodation to advanced education specialists. Accordingly, this paper means to deliver a serviceable automated reviewing framework that will address these issues.

Guidelines of Adolescent Preventative Services (GAPS) Analysis Essay

Rules of Adolescent Preventative Services (GAPS) Analysis - Essay Example It has been seen that the current age young people are impressively connected with grimness and mortality which makes them progressively helpless against conduct and mental dangers (Allenworth, DeMuth, Bradley, and Becerly, 1996) Today’s youth have been described by a few wellbeing emergencies like unintended pregnancy, Sexually transmitted ailments (STDs) like Human Immunodeficiency infection (HIV), medication and liquor mishandles, dietary issues and some more. So as to keep the adolescents from this wellbeing perils GAPS prescribes certain measures to forestall these wellbeing dangers among the young. It sets up a total system for the associations. The suggestion gave by GAPS is essentially founded on four kinds of administrations and it focuses on fourteen separate regions or wellbeing conditions. The GAPS supports the capacity of guardians to react to the adolescent’s wellbeing needs and changing pubescence. It likewise advances security and physical wellness of th e young people and aids injury counteraction. Legitimate dietary propensities are advanced among the understudies by abstaining from dietary problems. This encourages them in maintaining a strategic distance from stoutness. Holes work in empowering sound mental modifications by opposing the unfavorable wellbeing effect of sexual acts.

High Budget Deficit and the Growth Rate of the Economy Essay

High Budget Deficit and the Growth Rate of the Economy - Essay Example The country with high private sparing will balance the moderate shortfall financing in a vastly improved manner to accommodate venture capital fundamental for the development of economy. In this manner, for future financial development national reserve funds matter exceptionally. National sparing is the proportion of the aggregation of budgetary and other genuine resources additional time. Future national pay will to a great extent rely on this amassed supply of benefits. Shockingly, shortage financing combined with nil or negative private sparing has made the national sparing negative. In this point of view, shortage financing on a continued premise can't help US economy. Higher Interest Rates Macguineas (2011) contends that consistently expanding deficiency financing will apply upward weight on loan costs along these lines expanding the expense of capital. Budgetary shortfalls are financed through government borrowings. At the point when government borrowings ascend to a significan t level, the administration may bring to the table expanded loan costs so adequate purchasers are pulled in to purchase government obligation. Clearly, higher loan costs will in general retard the financial development rate. Higher Borrowing Leads to Higher Interest Payments Increasing borrowings a seemingly endless amount of time after year will require higher spending on obligation intrigue. Higher intrigue trouble destroys the beneficial organization of the capital important for the monetary development. Accordingly, the penniless areas, for example, training, wellbeing keep from the assets that are important to give driving force to the economy. Protection Spending and Budgetary Deficit Korb et al. (2011) of the middle for American Progress (CAP) contend that barrier spending has made the current financial emergency. The specialists from the CAP accept that the enormous shortage is the aftereffect of expanding barrier financial plan during 2004 through 2012. It...This exposition offers a far reaching audit of the impacts, that the significant levels of spending deficiency practice on the financial advancement of the nation, utilizing the case of the US. In 2011, it was the third consecutive year when the hole between American government's pay and spending stayed negative as much as $1 trillion or above. In rate terms, the deficiency is floating at around 10 percent of total national output in most recent two years. This was causing genuine worries at a few quarters on taking off national obligation. The national sparing rate is significant for future financial development and budgetary shortage has an immediate bearing on national sparing rate. Since last numerous years private sparing is small in the US and in most recent few years it has gone even negative. With such a low/negative sparing, it is hard to acquire financial development and US profitability at wanted rate. Consistently expanding shortage financing will apply upward weight on loan costs along these lines expanding the expense of capital. Budgetary deficiencies are financed through government borrowings. At the point when government borrowings ascend to a significant level, the administration may bring to the table expanded financing costs with the goal that adequate purchasers are pulled in to purchase government obligation. Higher financing costs hinders the monetary development rate. It very well may be reasoned that when the administration brings about obligation, it is critical to realize what government does with that cash. In the event that the cash are sent for gainful purposes, it can positively help the economy of the present just as people in the future.

Harry Harlow and the Nature of Love and Affection

Harry Harlow and the Nature of Love and Affection History and Biographies Print Harry Harlow and the Nature of Affection By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 15, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Martin Rogers / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Love and Affection Wire Mother Experiment Fear and Security The Impact of Harlow’s Research View All Back To Top Harry Harlow was one of the first psychologists to scientifically investigate the nature of human love and affection. Through a series of controversial experiments, Harlow was able to demonstrate the importance of early attachments, affection, and emotional bonds on the course of healthy development. A History of Research on Love and Affection During the first half of the 20th century, many psychologists believed that showing affection towards children was merely a sentimental gesture that served no real purpose. Behaviorist John B. Watson once even went so far as to warn parents, When you are tempted to pet your child, remember that mother love is a dangerous instrument. According to many thinkers of the day, affection would only spread diseases and lead to adult psychological problems. During this time, psychologists were motivated to prove their field as a rigorous science. The behaviorist movement dominated psychology and urged researchers to study only observable and measurable behaviors. An American psychologist named Harry Harlow, however, became interested in studying a topic that was not so easy to quantify and measureâ€"love. In a series of controversial experiments conducted during the 1960s, Harlow demonstrated the powerful effects of love and in particular, the absence of love.  By showing the devastating effects of deprivation on young rhesus monkeys, Harlow revealed the importance of a caregivers love for healthy childhood development. Harlows experiments were often unethical and shockingly cruel, yet they uncovered fundamental truths that have heavily influenced our understanding of child development. The Wire Mother Experiment Harlow noted that very little attention had been devoted to the experimental research of love. Because of the dearth of experimentation, theories about the fundamental nature of affection have evolved at the level of observation, intuition, and discerning guesswork, whether these have been proposed by psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, physicians, or psychoanalysts, he noted. Many of the existing theories of love centered on the idea that the earliest attachment between a mother and child was merely a means for the child to obtain food, relieve thirst, and avoid pain. Harlow, however, believed that this behavioral view of mother-child attachments was an inadequate explanation. Harlow’s most famous experiment involved giving young rhesus monkeys a choice between two different mothers. One was made of soft terrycloth but provided no food. The other was made of wire but provided nourishment from an attached baby bottle. Harlow removed young monkeys from their natural mothers a few hours after birth and left them to be raised by these mother surrogates. The experiment demonstrated that the baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother. In other words, the infant monkeys went to the wire mother only for food but preferred to spend their time with the soft, comforting cloth mother when they were not eating. These data make it obvious that contact comfort is a variable of overwhelming importance in the development of affectional response, whereas lactation is a variable of negligible importance, Harlow explained. Fear, Security, and Attachment In a later experiment, Harlow demonstrated that young monkeys would also turn to their cloth surrogate mother for comfort and security. Using a  strange situation technique similar to the one created by attachment researcher Mary Ainsworth, Harlow allowed the young monkeys to explore a room either in the presence of their surrogate mother or in her absence. Monkeys in the presence of their mother would use her as a secure base to explore the room. When the surrogate mothers were removed from the room, the effects were dramatic. The young monkeys no longer had their secure base for exploration  and would often freeze up, crouch, rock, scream, and cry. Harlow’s experiments offered irrefutable proof that love is vital for normal childhood development. Additional experiments by Harlow revealed the long-term devastation caused by deprivation, leading to profound psychological and emotional distress and even death. The Impact of Harlow’s Research Harlow’s work, as well as important research by psychologists John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, helped influence key changes in how orphanages, adoption agencies, social services groups, and child care providers approached the care of children. While Harry Harlows work led to acclaim and generated a wealth of research on love, affection, and interpersonal relationships, his own personal life soon began to crumble. After the terminal illness of his wife, he became engulfed by alcoholism and depression, eventually becoming estranged from his own children. Colleagues frequently described him as sarcastic, mean-spirited, misanthropic, chauvinistic, and cruel. Despite the turmoil that marked his later personal life, Harlows enduring legacy reinforced the importance of emotional support, affection, and love in the development of children. A Word From Verywell Harlows work was controversial in his own time and continues to draw criticism today. While such experiments present major ethical dilemmas, his work helped inspire a shift in the way that we think about children and development and helped researchers better understand both the nature and importance  of love.

Raise Your Confidence Practice ACT Writing Prompts

Students taking the ACT exam have the option of taking the ACT with, or without, the writing section. If a student chooses not to do the ACT Writing portion of the ACT, he will still have to answer the multiple-choice English questions on the test, but will not have to write the optional essay. While some schools do not require that applicants take the ACT Writing Test (use the search functionhere to see which colleges and universities do), the reality is that most students will do the Writing portion of the test because at least one of the schools they are applying to requires the essay. By doing some preparation ahead of test day, you can walk into the ACT Writing Test feeling confident and ready to maximize your ACT writing score. What the Test Looks Like The 30-minute ACT Writing Test presents an issue and two different points of view on the issue. Select one of the positions (or you can develop one of your own), and answer the given question by arguing your position. The topic will be one that is relevant to high school students, but don’t worry about which side you choose. Your score will not be affected by the stance you take on the issue, but rather by how persuasively you write in defense of whatever position you do take. How to Approach Practice Prompts Crafting a persuasive essay in a short period of time is like anything else—practicing will make you more comfortable doing it. By using practice ACT writing prompts, you will develop a system that works for you before you take the test. This process should include selecting your point of view, prewriting, and compiling your ideas into a concise, polished essay within the 30-minute time limit. How to Approach Practice Prompts Read the practice prompt carefully to ensure you understand the question, underline or circle any key words or phrases in the prompt, and then consider the following three steps: 1. Select Your Point of View As mentioned above, the specific point of view you choose won’t help or hurt you, but it is important to make a definitive choice. Choose a side that you can support with specific reasons and examples. While you should address and then respectfully disagree with the other side, make sure you have enough logical points and examples that defend your position. 2. Prewrite Prewriting helps you organize your ideas to ensure you hit all of the relevant points. Start by making a brief outline that lists the specific points you will make in your argument. Also consider the order in which you plan to present your ideas—is there a logical sequence that you should follow? Consider starting with your strongest point. The ACT provides space in the test booklet for prewriting, so prewriting in response to practice prompts will get you in the habit of organizing your thoughts before writing. 3. Write Your Essay Start your essay by clearly stating your point of view in the introductory paragraph. Then, work your examples into cohesive body paragraphs that argue your stance. Note that in order to receive the highest possible score on your essay, you must include responses to possible counterarguments. Then, finish strong by summarizing your position in the conclusion. Review Your Work and Figure Out What Works for You Use sample ACT Essays with critiques and scores to help you understand how grading works. Practice ACT writing prompts allow you to determine what steps in the process are difficult for you. Are you unsure which side to take on a given issue? Does the prewriting process take you too long? Are you able to successfully identify counterarguments and then refute them in your essay? A one-to-one ACT test prep tutor can help you identify your weaknesses so you can address your problem areas and improve on them with additional practice prompts. With enough practice, you can hone your writing skills and create a process that works best for you so that on test day, you can take the ACT Writing Test with confidence. Photo Credits:1st photo by Jimmie2nd photo by Bruce Matsunaga

Unethical Banking Practices And The Financial Crisis

A house is not just brick and concrete, but rather a haven with which our lives and our memories are forever connected, but the economic downturn of 2007 reminded us all that this haven should not be taken for granted because it can all go up in smoke in an instant. When the economy collapsed, many qualified individuals lost their jobs, and thereby lost their means for making their monthly mortgage payments, and ultimately ended up losing their homes. The ARM’s that the banks had extended to subprime borrowers ended up crippling and debilitating them even more. What appeared to the banks as smart business ultimately ruined our housing market. Though in retrospect it is clear that a combination of unethical banking practices and a lack of strong regulation were key components to the financial crisis, this was ultimately a black swan event that took us all by surprise. Sure, markets can be reasonably forecasted just like the weather, but there is always a possibility of a storm flying under the radar, unnoticed, until it’s too late, and that is exactly what the financial crisis was. Along with reassessing our banking practices and procedures, we must also work to revitalize our housing market, because it is an integral part of our economy, seeing as how house ownership is a quintessential part of the American dream, and how seven years ago, many saw that dream come crashing down right in front of them. People lost jobs, homes, and even their lives because of this majorShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 20081384 Words   |  6 PagesThe turmoil in the financial markets also known as the financial crisis of 2008 was considered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Many areas of the United States suffered. The housing market plummeted and as a result of that, many evictions occurred, as well as foreclosures and unemployment. 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Financial Statements Of Financial Statement Fraud

Financial Statement Fraud Financial statement fraud is any intentional or grossly negligent violation of generally accounting principles (GAAP) that is undisclosed and materially effects any financial statement. Fraud can take many forms, including hiding both bad and god news. Research shows that financial statement fraud us relatively more likely to occur in companies with assets of less than $100 million, with earnings problems, and with loose governance structures (Hopwood, Leiner, Young, 2011). Financial statement fraud is usually a means to an end rather than an end in itself. When people cook the books they may doing it to buy more time to quietly fix business problems that prevent their entities from achieving its expected earnings or complying with loan covenants (Fraud Magazine, 2014. It may also be done to obtain or renew financing that would not be granted or would be smaller if honest financial statements were provided. 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Perols University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Perols, Johan L., Detecting financial statement fraud: Three essays on fraud predictors, multi-classifier combination and fraud detection using data mining (2008)Read MoreFinancial Statement Frauds29904 Words   |  120 Pages2002:53 Financial Statement Fraud - Recognition of Revenue and the Auditor’s Responsibility for Detecting Financial Statement Fraud - Tiina Intal and Linh Thuy Do Graduate Business School School of Economics and Commercial Law Gà ¶teborg University ISSN 1403-851X Printed by Elanders Novum Abstract Financial reporting frauds and earnings manipulation have attracted high profile attention recently. There have been several cases by businesses of what appears to be financial statement fraudRead MoreFinancial Statement Fraud5172 Words   |  21 PagesFinancial Statement Fraud ACCT 710: Assignment 6-2 Shannon Baxley David Welch September 24, 2011 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Literature Reviews†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...18 Abstract This paper describes financial statement fraud (FSF) and how it may occur within companies. The reason of this study was to researchRead MoreQuestions On Financial Statement Fraud1889 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial statement fraud is a common way to commit fraud. There are many types of fraud that can be committed with financial statements, including timing differences, fictitious revenues, concealed liabilities, improper disclosures, and improper asset valuation. These fraud schemes can be prevented and detected with a variety of audit techniques. The auditing techniques applied depend on the type of audit that is been carried out. They depend on whether it is an internal audit or an external auditRead MoreFinancial Statement Fraud Schemes Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesFinancial Statement Fraud Schemes While evaluating Apollo Shoes, there are some areas of concern that are potential fraud schemes. Fraud can lead to the entire collapse of a company if not corrected, and will also affect share value and investor confidence. This paper provides an overview of the process of investigation along with recommendations for the company. As with any company, revenue recognition is an important part of operations for Apollo Shoes. Generally accepted accounting principlesRead MoreFinancial Statement Fraud Schemes : Worldcom Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Statement Fraud Schemes WorldCom was involved in two major forms of financial statement fraud schemes, overstatement of revenue and understatement of line costs (Vance, 2016). WorldCom was overstating there revenue by regularly monitoring revenue through the sales groups’ performances measured against the revenue plan (Vance, 2016). Every two to three months a meeting was held that brought each sales channel’s manager and they were obligated to present and defend their sales channel’s

Religious Symbols in Society Church vs. State Essay

In our daily lives, without even recognizing it, there are religious symbols present all around us. If we are carrying money, â€Å"In God We Trust† is a religious symbol that is present on our currency. If we happen to say the pledge of allegiance we are saying â€Å"one nation under God† which alludes to God and the Catholic religion. Around the holidays, there are Christmas decorations present everywhere, which are religious symbols of the Catholic faith. None of these things seem bad or harmful to anyone in any way. They are not harming anyone. Are they? Well, they are not harming anyone directly, but have impacted people because it is through the presence of these symbols that neglects all other religions and is feeding into the issue of the†¦show more content†¦This is when the issue of church and state also arises. Religion cannot be something that the state represents because the state should be promoting equality and not favoring one religion, many pe ople argue. Church and state need to be completely separated because it is when they are both involved that many issues arise. There are many instances where religious symbols are involved in church and state controversies such as the cross as a symbol, religious symbols in public schools, church and state involvement that is broadcasted in the media, and the use of religious symbols in the government; all of these examples prove one outcome which entails chaos, disagreement, and the need to find a solution. The symbol of the cross is an extremely well known worldwide symbol, which represents Jesus Christ who gave His life for His people and their sins. Overall, the cross represents the Catholic religion. A controversy arose and is highlighted in the article â€Å"Wandering in the Desert: Justice Scalia’s Dangerous Plan to Secularize the Cross-,† which states an argument about the cross being changed into a symbol that represents all people of all religions in our country. The problem is that this symbol according to the article, â€Å"is instantly recognizable as a symbol of the Christian faith to people all over the world, Christian and non-Christian,† (p 14). This notorious and meaningful cannot simply be changed overnight. The issue arose when the use of the cross started toShow MoreRelatedThe First Ammendment and Dealing with the Separation of Church and State1741 Words   |  7 PagesDealing with the Separation of Church and State Is it unconstitutional for local, state or federal governments to favor one religion over another? Government can show favoritism toward religion by displaying religious symbols in public places at taxpayer expense, by sponsoring events like Christmas concerts, caroling, by supporting the teaching of religious ideas, or even by supporting the teaching of creationism in public schools. It appears the United States government has had a historyRead MoreTaboo: Religion vs. Government Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesSenior Rough Draft March 10, 2014 Taboo: Religion vs. Government Church, religion, belief, government? Whenever somebody mentions religion and the government in the same sentence, it seems to be very controversial. The word religion seems to frighten most of society these days, whereas the government and/or politics are discussed frequently. There is a thin line between religion and government. What is religion exactly? How do we as a society view religion differently than we have in the pastRead MoreRousseaus Impact On The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pagesemergence of new bodies of power which would enforce just laws, the separation of church and state which would maintain stability within the stat, and the rise of Napoleon who came to save the disembodied France from ruin. The rise of the Jacobin Club and the Reign of Terror was a necessary evil as it revealed the need for a new body of power that wouldn’t allow for such an extremist group to rise and wreak havoc on society. â€Å"In addition, the middle-class members of the National Convention wrote a newRead MoreThe s Major Communal Centers : The Cathedral Complex, The Palazzo Pubblico, And The Piazza1254 Words   |  6 Pagesto the lush green landscape. Walking through the streets, you might see the Siena coat of arms in the windows, the Balzana, alongside depictions of the Virgin Mary, or a theme of black and white. You might see intricate carvings in the pavement, symbols from a different time. What you would be passing by is the history of Siena- the true fabric of the identity of this medieval community. But what is old, and what is new? What did being a part of this community in the thirteenth century mean, andRead MoreEssay about The Fear of the Noose in The Crucible by Arthur Miller713 Words   |  3 PagesSalem witch trials of 1692. It is a well built Puritan society in which the citizens are bonded with the church. During this time McCarthyism was in play, it was the anti-communist suspicions into the U.S. The theme in the story The Cruci ble was honesty and truth versus scapegoat. Arthur Miller used the noose to lead the reader to the theme of honesty vs. scapegoat. The noose represents the most prevalent symbol in The Crucible. The symbol, noose, displays death, fear, and hysteria throughout theRead MoreIntroduction Of Ireland s National Symbol1282 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity: Com 315 Date: June 17, 2016 Introduction to Ireland The country of Ireland’s national symbol is the harp; this can be seen on flags throughout the country as well as on the presidential seal. The national flag is green, orange and white, each color has a different meaning, the green is for the older Gaelic tradition or Roman Catholic, the orange is for the Protestant majority and the white is a symbol to show how the two different religions co-exist in peace. The National Anthem of the countryRead MoreInterpretation of the Establishment Clause986 Words   |  4 Pages In the First Amendment it states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.† This is known as the Establishment Clause, and it has been a controversial topic of many Supreme Court cases throughout America’s history. There are three different methods of constitutional interpretation--textualism, intentionalism, and pragmatism—that have shaped the Supreme Court’s rulings on the Establishment Clause. Th e Establishment Clause is usually interpreted in two different ways:Read MoreReligious vs. Spiritual Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesJenna Pagnotta Professor Reklis Faith and Critical Reason In our modern age, it seems as though fewer and fewer individuals are describing themselves as religious, instead opting for the term â€Å"spiritual†. This shift is most apparent in the United States, as mass attendance decreases, and society places more reliance on science and technology rather than religion. Sandra Schneiders’ essay discussing the definitions of spirituality and religion and the link between the two sheds light on howRead MoreEssay about Timeless Work: an Analysis of Marvin Gaye1053 Words   |  5 Pagesart of music. Born in the nations capital on April 2, 1939, Gaye’s ageless sounds and intriguing vocals still influence the world today. Gaye’s father, a minister in the Apostolic Church, played a foremost role in Marvin’s musical education. In fact, most of Marvin’s inspiration for religious topics came from the church music he grew up singing. Through the art of song, musical icon Marvin Gaye uses pathos, symbolism, and imagery with an objective to connect to listeners on tremendously personal levelsRead MoreWhy Polygamy Should Be Legal1728 Words   |  7 Pagesacceptable for a man to marry more than one woman and be open about it? A large number cannot and the practice of polygamy is seen as a taboo. The families usually live private lives, and they do not interact with the rest of America due to anti-bigamy society we live in. Polygamy is the practice of being married to more than one person at the same time. This is not to be confused with an open relationship or an open marriage. This topic was viewed as controversial for years. As a practice that was not

The Propaganda Of The Cold War - 1098 Words

David Hale Maureen McCarney English 112 Due: 10/7/2014 Propagating Patriotism For years people have used propaganda to sway the public into joining their side, and to hate the opposing argument and the people of said argument. During the Cold War the United States and Russia were both trying to win the hearts of their respective nations while fighting each other not physically of course but with tactics. To have a chance at winning one had to have the unconditional support of its people. Propaganda is an excellent way to spread a fear. This would make people turn a political ideology into an evil entity. In this deconstruction of the propaganda of the Cold War we’ll discuss the seven types of propaganda, and of those seven, which were used. The methods used to speak to the US public have changed significantly since then. Also the message being conveyed to the nation is completely different as well. Cold War propaganda has inspired movies, art, and many other forms of media that are still being produced to this day. The Cold War was a nuclear arms race between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States. Many people didn’t realize it was a war until around 1953 when the Soviets had come out with their own Hydrogen bomb. Once this was found out the race to have the most bombs began. Yes it sounds kind of ridiculous now seeing that we could and still can annihilate ourselves hundreds of times over. Nonetheless both sides carried on building bomb after bomb. To win thisShow MoreRelatedUS Propaganda and the Cold War: The Real Story1452 Words   |  6 Pageswhat makes it possible for normal people to kill other people in times of war. We call them towel heads or hajjis similar to during Vietnam when the enemy was known as gooks or Charlie, or in past conflicts the evil Hun, kraut, Nazi Pig, Commie, etc. It is unlikely, for instance, that Americans would have supported President Trumans decision regarding Hiroshima and Nagasaki without the years of propaganda and dehumanizing the Japanese some have even gone as far as indicati ng thatRead MoreThe Use of Propaganda in the Gdr During the Cold War2102 Words   |  9 PagesThe Use of Propaganda in the GDR During the Cold War More than any other wars, the Cold War was fought with words, mainly through the media as psychological warfare. Popular culture was used as a decoy to sway the opinions of the general public in support of various governmental institutions. In East Germany, political propaganda was frequently incorporated into film, journalism, and the mass media to promote socialism. East Germany was a close ally to the Soviet Union who fought to keep westernRead MoreVisual Print Media Propaganda During The Cold War1754 Words   |  8 Pages Visual print media propaganda in the Cold War Eva DeCesare and Jonathan Tseng- Period 1 Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology Visual Print Media Propaganda in the Cold War The Cold War was a result of the post World War 2 era’s differing ideologies of the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union, capitalism and communism respectively (Lee, 2000). It ran from 1945 to 1991, but neither country ever directly fought the other. During this time, the U.S. exercisedRead MorePropaganda During The 20th Century And The Onset Of World War1741 Words   |  7 PagesPropaganda has always held sway over hearts and minds. Although the United States’ first large-scale wartime experience with propaganda in its semi-modern form of ‘yellow journalism’ took place during the Spanish-American War , primitive forms of it have existed since the days of â€Å"the tattoo-covered Caddo warrior, whose body attests to every victory, accomplishment, or god worshiped† and â€Å"Hannibal’s titanic war elephants advancing across the Italian plain.† Even â€Å"the ‘rebel yells’ of ConfederateRead MoreThe Exploitation of Media1147 Words   |  5 Pagestime, has allowed for messages of propaganda to be conveyed throughout the Cold War. Media was able to start movements such as â€Å"The Red Scare† and McCarthyism, where a new enemy was identified and pitted the Western world against the idea of Communism and the USSR. Films such as From Russia with love portrayed all Russian people as villains and helped reinforce the perception of the United States of America as being a superpower. Such films and ideas of propaganda played a role in British politicsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe and the increasi ng power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United States. Along with economic separationRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union964 Words   |  4 PagesThe war between the United States and the former Soviet Union, referred to as the Cold War, was one in which no fighting occurred directly between the two powers. The primary reason for the war for the Soviet Union was to spread communism while the U.S. attempted to stop the spread of communism to make way for capitalism. The U.S. and the Soviet Union considered themselves different to their core, but they used identical tactics to fight this war. Although the Cold War was considered and arms raceRead MoreThe Cold War Between Communism And Communism1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. 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Cold War is defined as a state of political hostility existing between countries, characterized by threats, violent propaganda, subversive activities, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular. The causes of the cold war between United States and the Soviet Union were the mutual distrust that had taken place in World War II, intense rivalry between

Poverty and Education Free Essays

OMAR BANDEH # 2122369 ENG 102 PROFESSOR LAWSON Topic Outline Thesis: Education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society. I. Empower an individual to be a model citizen A. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Educate him about his Rights B. Develop his self esteem II. Poverty alleviation A. Wide range of job opportunities B. Living standards increased C. Reduction in crime rate III. Eradicate Disease A. How to avoid it B. How to treat it C. How to live with it THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN A SOCIETY Every nation especially third world countries should invest a substantial amount of their budget on education for it is the most invaluable asset that could transform an entire society. It was said by Aristotle that educated men are as much superior to the uneducated as the living are to the dead† if that is so then an uneducated society is as good as a dead society. After all education is the most powerful weapon that can bring positive changes in a society, it is the only weapon that can empower an individual in particular and a whole society in general, alleviate poverty and eradicate disease. The foremost aim of education is to empower an individual to be a model citizen and for that to happen he must know his rights and responsibilities. Without education, man is a splendid slave knowing not the difference between good and bad or his rights such as his freedom of speech, worship and movement, for only the educated are free. Free to make decisions, to face life, and to accept successes and failures. More over education is the only tool that can develop one’s personality, his self esteem and confidence for it is a combination of these that gives a person the ability to stand up against tyranny and oppression of any form. In a complex modern democracy, citizens must be educated for them to be able to participate in a nation’s democratic and developmental process. For example if Nelson Mandela was not educated he would not have been able to challenge the apartheid government thereby helping to bring it, to its end and in the process making the whole of South Africa free and colour blind. Secondly, the role of education in poverty eradication is crucial. There is overwhelming evidence that education is the one tool that children from poor families can use to break the cycle of poverty in which they are born in. A poor farmer’s son has the same opportunities to that of a president’s son if he is educated, for education provides the knowledge and skill with which an individual can use to get a job and earned a living on his own. It is only with an affordable education that a society’s poverty can be reduced and its living standards increased. And because poverty is a multidimensional social problem once it is taken care of, high crime and prostitution rates will dramatically reduced. Finally, disease, the one thing that can decimate an entire society especially an uneducated one. For education provides knowledge about diseases, how to treat them and most importantly how to avoid them. For example diseases such as HIV/AIDS have blighted entire societies in places like Uganda and South Africa before people knew what it is and how it can be avoided. Now, after much sensitization the rates of HIV/AIDS infection have reduced dramatically and those already infected have been adequately educated on how to live with the disease in such a way that life expectancy of an Aids patient have increased compare to before. In addition, the availability of education in a society informs them the use of being hygienic and how to maintain high hygienic standards such as washing one’s hand after using the toilet and also before eating which has help to reduce the prevalence of diseases such as cholera and diarhoea. Therefore, to conclude, the impact of investing in education is profound for it is the only tool that can positively change a society by empowering it, lifting it out of poverty and most important of all enabling its people to live longer healthily. How to cite Poverty and Education, Papers

Differences between the New England and Chesapeake Colonies free essay sample

By 1700, differences in religious convictions, wealth, and climate transformed the New England and Chesapeake Bay colonies into distinct societies with markedly contrasting cultures and values. Having fled England because of religious persecution, the Puritans placed a greater emphasis on religion. In contrast, the Chesapeake society, consisting mostly of men who were affected by the primogeniture laws, placed more importance on wealth and land. The climates of the two societies fostered distinct economies and new cultural practices, such as the tobacco wives in the Chesapeake region. Although the English made up the bulk of the Chesapeake Bay and New England societies, these influences shaped their ways of life and created two distinct cultures with values that continue today. The New England colonies had developed into a religion and family based society comprised of mostly middle class families. The economy was based on fishing, shipbuilding, and farming. The farming in New England was done on a much smaller scale. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences between the New England and Chesapeake Colonies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because the society was so family-orientated, they grew much of their own food and the farms were normally self-sufficient. It was nowhere near the size of the vast plantations in the Chesapeake. This was simply because New Englands focus was not on economic gain. Due to the home-based industry businesses, the New England settlers did not need to hire labor as their families were enough to provide the needed labor force for their work. As a result, it is worth noting that slavery never developed much in the northern part as compared to the southern.The Chesapeake region developed into a land of plantations and money-driven owners, with the elite wealthy, almost no middle class, and those in poverty creating the population. Chesapeake region was mainly swampy and not suitable for typical crop growing activities. However, 5 years after their arrival in the land saw the discovery of tobacco which actually did well. In this regard, it is important to note that due to the tobacco growing in the land, Chesapeake settler used and employed cheap labor in their fields. They developed an indentured servitude system in which individuals who desired free passage to America had offer their services in terms of labor for some years before being allowed to enter into America.

Philosophy - Nozicks Entiltlement Theory Essays -

Philosophy - Nozick's Entiltlement Theory According to Nozick there are three sets of rules of justice, defining: 1. how things not previously possessed by anyone may be acquired; 2. how possession may be transferred from one person to another; and 3. what must be done to rectify injustices arising from violations of (1) and (2). A distribution is just if it has arisen in accordance with these three sets of rules. See pp. 151-2. Nozick does not try to specify in detail the rules under the above three headings ('I shall not attempt that task here', p. 153). However, he does give some further information on rules of acquisition; see p. 174ff. He follows John Locke who as Nozick interprets him held that a person has a right (1) to own what he makes, and (2) to appropriate anything not already owned, provided he leaves 'enough and as good' for others - i.e. provided his appropriation leaves them no worse off. (Nozick calls this the 'Lockean proviso'.) It is not clear how Nozick would defend (1) against his own criticisms of Locke (p. 174-5). As for (2), he points out that the proviso cannot reasonably be taken to mean that there can be no worsening of others' opportunities to appropriate; it must mean that in other respects they are no worse off. Nozick raises the question 'No worse than they would be how?' What is the baseline? In Rawls's theory the representative worst-off person must be no worse off than he would be under any other possible arrangement. Nozick rejects this, but does not define another baseline: 'This question of fixing a baseline needs more detailed investigation that we are able to give it here'; p. 177. However, 'whether or not Locke's particular theory of appropriation can be spelled out so as to handle various difficulties, I assume that any adequate theory of Justice in acquisition will contain a proviso similar to the weaker of the ones we have attributed to Locke'; p. 178. Nozick says that the proviso is violated if a person appropriates all of something necessary to life - or purchases it, or combines with the other owners of it, or finds himself the sole owner when other supplies are lost (e.g. when all the other water holes dry up). Nozick refers to the possibility of losing entitlement to something that was originally yours because of developments since, such as the drying up of other waterholes, as the 'historical shadow' of the Lockean proviso; p. 180. Comparison with Rawls's Theory Nozick classifies theories of justice as (1) either end-result or historical, and (2) either patterned or unpatterned. The entitlement theory is historical and unpatterned. It does not demand that the distribution resulting from just acquisitions, transfers and rectifications be patterned, i.e. correlated with anything else (such as moral merit, need, usefulness to society); people may be entitled to things got by chance or gift. Any distribution, irrespective of any pattern it may or may not have, is just provided it has the appropriate history, provided it did in fact come about in accordance with the rules of acquisition, transfer and rectification. Rawls's theory on the other hand, is an end-result theory. Choice of principles behind a 'veil of ignorance', must be based on calculations about what people are likely to end up with under the various possible sets of principles - there is no other way of choosing (is there?); p. 202. Therefore if any historical entitlement theory is correct, Rawls's approach is wrong. Notice that this imposes on Rawls in the job of showing that no possible version of an historical entitlement theory could be correct. He might reply that he intends to stick to his own theory until someone actually produces a correct entitlement theory; Nozick has not, because his theory is merely a sketch with many important details not worked out. Nozick points out (p. 207 ff) an analogy between his own entitlement theory and the process by which in Rawls's theory the rules of justice are arrived at. Rawls specifies an initial situation and a process of deliberation, and say that whatever rules results from this are the rules of justice; similarly Nozick specifies a process, and says that whatever distribution results is just. 'Each theory specifies starting points and processes of transformation, and each accepts whatever comes out'. But Rawls's process for generating principles cannot generate process principles, but only end-result principles. Nozick says that this is ironic. It presents a dilemma: if processes are 'so great', it is a defect that the process cannot lead

Literary Work Sample Essay Argument - Questions Students Should Ask Before Submitting

Literary Work Sample Essay Argument - Questions Students Should Ask Before SubmittingThere are several questions a student should ask before submitting a literary work sample essay argument. Below are several of the questions that students should ask to make sure they are submitting the right essay.Is the thesis statement persuasive? Does it offer an argument for your personal belief? What is the evidence supporting this argument? Also, does the essay work best as a first or second opinion argument?Your thesis statement is a personal perspective statement. If you have an article based on a philosophical belief, then you will want to show this through your writing. Just as an example, if you have a personal belief in a just world, you may feel the need to argue the just world. For example, you may want to give an example of how our civilization works or to point out the way that our beliefs are supported by our experience.Another way you can use your personal point of view to support your argument is to provide historical evidence that supports the logical conclusions of your argument. This historical evidence should not necessarily be from a university, but may come from your own research.The title of your essay is one of the most important parts of your essay. Don't use too many words, but do include enough to let the reader know what your essay is about. Remember, your essay is meant to show the reader what you believe. When your essay starts off with a title, you need to allow the reader to know what you are trying to show them.The length of your essay is going to vary, depending on how much information you will need to convey in your essay. A short, clear essay will do well, but a long essay may be a better choice for those who have more information. Generally, a good rule of thumb is to not exceed three hundred words. This is an important rule for a number of reasons.For example, if you need to include a lot of history, then it will be hard to convey that through a short essay. To solve this problem, use more words in your essay, so that the historical information can be easier to communicate.

BeethovenMozart essays

BeethovenMozart essays Ludwig Van Beethoven and W.A. Mozart are the two most important musicians of their time. Their pieces are everlasting and will live on forever. Their styles are so unique and uplifting that they could never be matched. These masterminds played in the same time period but their lives differed tremendously. There are some similarities and many differences between these two but one fact will remain: They are the central and most vital part of all music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the most prolific and important musical innovators we have ever seen. His style of music helped re-shape music and the Classical period. Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in 1756. Mozart was a child prodigy, claiming most success as a youth. At the age of six, Mozart could play the harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, and read music perfectly. At the age of eight, he wrote a symphony and at eleven, an oratorio. Then amazingly, at the age of twelve he wrote an opera. Mozart's father was Leopold Mozart, a court musician. Both Mozart and Beethoven had help from their fathers in different ways. Mozart's father helped him travel around as a young musician and with this he traveled many places and seen many well-known people and aristocrats. With Mozart's early successes came many challenges to his life. He had greater expectations from the community and from his father. Unlike, Beethoven, Mozart was a bit spoiled as a youth and because of this he would not tolerate to be treated as a servant. He completely relied on his father to help him and would not work with the archbishop. This would become a problem when Mozart did not develop enough initiative and could not make decisions on his own. Then, at age 25, Mozart broke free of Salzburg and became a freelance musician in Vienna. This is where Mozart found some success. He wrote, Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, a German opera in 1782. Mozart e ...

Brief Summary of French History

Brief Summary of French History France is a country in Western Europe that is roughly hexagonal in shape. It has existed as a country for a little over a thousand years  and has managed to fill those with some of the most important events in European history. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, Luxembourg and Belgium to the northeast, Germany and Switzerland to the east, Italy to the southeast, the Mediterranean to the south, southwest by Andorra and Spain and west by the Atlantic Ocean. It currently has a president at the top of government. Historical Summary of France The country of France emerged from the fragmentation of the larger Carolingian empire, when Hugh Capet became King of West Francia in 987. This kingdom consolidated power and expanded territorially, becoming known as â€Å"France†. Early wars were fought over land with English monarchs, including the Hundred Years War, then against the Habsburgs, especially after the latter inherited Spain and appeared to surround France. At one point France was closely associated with the Avignon Papacy, and experienced wars of religion after the Reformation between a twisting combination of Catholic and Protestant. French royal power reached its peak with the reign of Louis XIV (1642 – 1715), known as the Sun King, and French culture dominated Europe. Royal power collapsed fairly quickly after Louis XIV and within a century France experienced the French Revolution, which began in 1789, overthrew Louis XVI and established a republic. France now found itself fighting wars and exporting its world-changing events across Europe. The French Revolution was soon usurped by a general called Napoleon, and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars saw France first militarily dominate Europe, then be defeated. The monarchy was restored, but instability followed and a second republic, second empire and third republic followed in the nineteenth century. The early twentieth century was marked by two German invasions, in 1914 and 1940, and a return to a democratic republic after liberation. France is currently in its Fifth Republic, established in 1959 during upheavals in society.   Key People from the History of France King Louis XIV (1638 - 1715): Louis XIV succeeded to the French throne as a minor in 1642 and ruled until 1715; for many contemporaries, he was the only monarch they ever knew. Louis was the apogee of French absolutist rule and the pageantry and success of his reign earned him the epithet ‘The Sun King’. He has been criticised for letting other European nations grow in strength.Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821): A Corsican by birth, Napoleon trained in the French army and success gained him a reputation, enabling him to get close to the political leaders of late-revolutionary France. Such was Napoleon’s prestige that he was able to seize power and transform the country into an Empire with himself at its head. He was initially successful in European wars, but was beaten and twice forced into exile by a coalition of European nations.Charles de Gaulle (1890 - 1970): A military commander who argued for mobile warfare when France turned instead to the Maginot Line, de G aulle became the leader of the Free French forces during the Second World War and then Prime Minister of the liberated country. After retiring he came back to politics in the late 50s to found the French Fifth Republic and create its constitution, ruling until 1969

Assessment and Application of International Affairs Theories Essay

Assessment and Application of International Affairs Theories - Essay Example ce of international relations in the society, mainly the application of the IR theories in the aforementioned fields has immensely shaped human existence. The theoretical frameworks within the discipline assist in the explanation of the global activities/events, the identification of the most important international actors, and the different means of exertion of influence from the international platform. Moreover, the IR theories assist nations or heads of states and their foreign policy advisors during the conduction of foreign policy. There exist different IR theories that work towards the presentation of the critical events and happenings around the world. These theories assist governments in the processes of policy making, relations with other governments, and activities that occur among nations. These theories include liberalism, neo-liberalism, classical realism, constructivism, post-structuralism, Marxism, and post-modernism. These are not, however, the only IR theories. While some may be insufficient in the explanation of the aforementioned, there are theories that can be combined to offer an articulate elucidation of global events, government relations and foreign policy, and the issue of power and interaction. Among the outlined theories, liberalism, classical realism, and post structuralism are the most effective in the explanation the contemporary and past experiences in the world, and the actors that exert international influence. In addition, these theories are the most effective in offering heads of states the assistance they need in conducting foreign policy. The application of the liberalism theoretical framework of the international theory can offer an articulate explanation of the relations among governments, and major occurrences that involve decisions by the heads of states. The development of theory emanates from the society’s quest to explain the relations through the disregard of classical realism. However, emphasizes on the exploration

Business Law, Policy, and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law, Policy, and Ethics - Essay Example It is important to set up the site properly so as to protect the business (for example, by ensuring that your terms are accepted before transactions proceed to contract formation), and to comply with the law. Betty was willing to buy BMWS from Andrew thus why she discussed prices and various options with Andrew. Betty said wanted 12 cars top of the range and the next day Andrew telephoned Betty leaving a message on Betty's telephone answer machine offering to sell the cars for $ 38,000 each .in order for an offer to be an enforceable contract, certain basic requirements must be present. There must be an agreement based upon genuine concert of the parties supported by consideration and made for a lawful object between competent parties. (Hussain pg 114, 2002). An offer may be byword of mouth in writing or by conduct. After the discussion between Betty and Andrew the Later agreed to sell the BMWS at $ 38,000 each which was communicated to Betty. The moment a person express his acceptance of an offer the very moment the contract is concluded and does not matter whether the acceptance is byword of mouth or in witting. A contract is complete only when acceptance is actually communicated to the offer. Betty accepted to buy the $ 38,000 through an email she sent to her personal assistance (Carol) who forwarded it to Andrew. For this case the contract of the sale became binding immediately the email of acceptance from Betty was forwarded to Andrew. Carol was Betty's personal assistance and she acted as an agent to her. Her agency was created through an agency by necessity. Law may confer an authority where an agent acted by reason and genuine emergency with a view to protecting his principal's goods, which are in danger of being perished. Her action must have been performed in good faith. She must not assume the role of an agent of necessity unless she is unable to communicate with Betty to obtain fresh instructions. Carol could not have gone ahead and accepted key for the 12 BMW'S without getting fresh instructions from Betty knowing very well she had changed her mind and wanted convertible BMWs at the same price. Hence she is liable for accepting keys to the vehicles without getting further instructions from Betty. Betty is liable to pay for the BMW'S since her personal assistance (carol) intimidated to the seller that he had accepted the good vehicles by accepting the keys. Andrew has rights against Betty and he can sue Betty for the price of the vehicle since the vehicle had been passed to Betty. He can also be entitled to maintain an action for damages if the buyer refuses to accept the delivery and pay for them. Damage is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting from the buyer's breach of contract. The damages awarded will be different between the contract and the price at the time when the goods ought to have been accepted or if no time was fixed for acceptance, then at the time of the refusal to accept. When Betty asked Andrew to collect his vehicles because she was not going to buy them, Andrew reduced $ 1,000 on cash vehicle. Considered is necessary not for making the contracts, but also for their discharge for example, an agreement to accept the smaller sum in full satisfactory of a large debt is not binding because there is no consideration and the party agreeing to it way sue for the balance. It is however, possible to discharge an existing

Aircrafts

Aircrafts Abstract: Aircrafts throughout their journeys need to be in contact with air traffic controllers. Long haul ocean crossing flights are increasing steadily every year due to growing demands. The increasing air traffic over the ocean is a serious concern for the controllers where the aircrafts are beyond the eye of the radar and ground stations that track their motion in air. The present communication between the cockpit and the controller is a high frequency radio communication where the position of the aircraft is sent to the air traffic controller through a third party radio operator who acts as an intermediary between them. Relatively the half duplex nature of the system and the use of a single frequency channel add complexity to the problem. Though the modern communications is going through an era where graphical interaction systems are being developed, the communication in an oceanic haul is still voice communication. This project focuses to improve and analyze the performance of data communications in exchanging information between the pilot and the controller in oceanic haul long routes. The controller pilot data link communications is taken for analysis in its performance in oceanic routes. Introduction: Aviation has seen rapid developments. Modern airliners are now heavily computerized monsters. They now fly higher and faster. The role of an air traffic control is massive in the field of aviation. Since they provide information about other planes approaching nearer to them and maintain spacing between planes. Pilots usually communicate with the controllers using radio aids that allow them to use normal voice communications, which is the very existing problem in the industry of aviation. Demand for air traffic has been increasing steadily in recent times. Increasing flights to the United States of America have led to the increase in air traffic over the oceans which have also intensified the job of the air controllers. With Nearly hundreds of carriers crossing the Atlantic every day, the responsibility of the air traffic control are huge, because they are the only point of reference to a pilot for navigating and knowing information about the traffic prevailing around him. The Traditional HF voice communication system has drawbacks which limits the points of communication between a pilot and an air traffic controller. Call sign confusion, interference and many more factors are hurdles to a good ground to air communications. Effective communication management is primary concern in developing co-operative multi user interaction systems. Each individual agent must know what, when and how to communicate. Effective Utilization of shared communication resources also should also be taken in to account, when there is limited resource available. This needs more attention when the demand exceeds the capacity of the system, and a priority is required This project focuses on how to improve communication between them, taking in to account various parameters that affect the transmission in a high frequency radio communication. Apart from, the attempt to replace traditional voice communication, to a text based communication using CPDLC (Controller Pilot Data Link Communication) in an oceanic haul is also developed,that would be a base to the future aviation researches . Background: The main idea is to achieve data link communication in a oceanic haul where there are no radar coverages and grond station contacts.This research was carried out in past ,over few years back.The CPDLC is a continuously on-going research project.Some of the old papers are still being researches to achieve text based information exchanges through datalink commnications.However due to the advent of growth in technology each and every day,advances in research also take a new shape than and there. This has motivated this project to evaluate the performance issues of applications in the aeronautical telecommunication networks ,which is the backbone network in aviation . Aims and Objectives : This thesis aims to : To develop a robust and reliable communication model using adhoc systems Research the various performance issues in using the ATN application CPDLC in long haul routes. The main objectives of this project is to Reduce the work load of the air traffic controllers by developing text data communications using adhoc networks Reduce workload for pilots Prevent congestion of air traffic Preventing air accidents due to misinterpretation of communications from the controller Research Methodology: The background for this thesis includes a lot of introduction and information about how ground to air communications take place.In order to review the present standards of communication,to analyze their nature and also to understand its properties ,a very intense search has been made and during this phase ,references to various technical publications ,articles expert opinions were read and references from various international organizations like ICAO and Eurocontrol were taken up to write this thesis.After careful analysis, performance analyziz was made and implementing text based communication was studied.The next part of this project will discuss all necessary things needed to understand this thesis. Literature survey : The History of communications in aviation is vast .We would be discussing only the current developments in modern technology and reviewing some of the applications developed in relations to this thesis. The standards in Aviation are monitored by certain governing bodies that are responsible for the safety and security of the air transport.The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is the major governing body and specialized agengy of the United Nations for standard and recommended procedures in civil aviation. Aeronautical telecommunication Network: ICAO having endorsed a proposal for the future communications in aviation that uses digital datalinks to supplement voice communication to provide a good and reliable communication,has led to the development of Aeronautical telecommunication network.It is an international infrastructure that manages digital data transfer between the aircraft and the air traffic control.In fact it is a dedicated network for aviation to provide seamless ground to air as well as ground to ground communication for the aircrafts.It is designed to support the increasing air traffic due to increasing demands. Development Of ATN: Air traffic management needed enhancements due to its rapid increase in traffic .as a result a single controller cannot handle such a large amount of traffic .Hence the concept of distributed traffic handling were followed by the controllers to handle the rising amount of traffic.Efforts were also taken to automate traffic handling.When critical analysis were made regarding the automation of traffic,it became apparent that air traffic automation requires more exchange of computer to computer data interchange that included transfers between aircraft and ground computers.Apart from that automation also required infrastructures that need to be integrated with aircraft and ground stations.The real automation of this air traffic could be possible only data computers rather than being independent processors were also a networking peers with their respective ground stations.These operational objectives when combined together led to a dedicated forming of a complete network exclusively for t he field of aviation,that came to be known as the Aeronautical telecommunications network. Data communications have been deployed both(air to ground and ground to ground ) for many years not only for air traffic management but also for administrative and ground operations.Besides the aeronautical telecommunications support a wide environment where tcket sales,crew duty rotas,weather forecasts are all done.Certain standards and protocols are used. The international air transport associationhave developed a set of OSI profiles called the aeronautical OSI profile,that can be used over the ATN. Benefits of ATN over the traditional networks: The ATN has scored over the traditional voice communications with a number of advantages that would make air travel more safe and secure.the following are some of the advantages over which Are described below: ATN offers more clarity in communications.As a result retransmission rate is reduced much and interpretation errors are minimized in a long distance communication The Communication channel is made use more effieciently to transmit data between the computers rather than usage of channel in voice communication. It gives increased possibility to connect two end users without knowing their locations in a global data communication network environment. It minimizes work load for the pilots and controllers ,since a number of preformatted and short text messages are available .These standard message are very well known to the pilots.These standards are globally fixed and they mean the same everywhere in world.Hence communication becomes easy ,eliminating misinterpretation errors completey. The multitude for accommodation of various ground systems like ATSC,AOC,AAC,APC are easily done using ATN. ATN provides a unique solution to satisfy a wide range of data communications therby providing much ease and effiecient useage of the available resources. It provides a robust an reliable service to achieve higher availability and integrity that should be need for an improved operational capability. It provides for timely exchange of ATS information between ground facility improving security and productivity of the entire system The above reasons justify that the ATN has unique features and its applications are widely important in both ground to air as well us ground to ground communications The ATN environment: Operating in a global environment is always a challenge for a network .The ATN is designed to operate in extreme environment considering rough weather and other circumstances.Apart from lot of constraints,the ATN has been designed to operate under four major situations .Each one is termed an element.The first element is to capability of the network to transfer data to an aircraft without the sender knowing where actually the aircraft is, in other words hidden identity.This network mobility is essentially the powerful feature of the Aeronautical telecommncation network.The next element is to use the available multiple links installed in aircraft simultaneously.In this case the specification of the cost,link and speed preferences are advised b the applications that ATN uses when forwarding the data to an air borne system.It is these preferences that determine which link to be chosen to send and receive data over the other available links.The third element is to accommodate all availabl e low bandwidth links both grond and airlinks in this case.These links are normally used to compress the data to be sent.The last element is the standardization of the applications and all services used by the ATN so that they remain the same throughout the world and do not cause further confusion in supporting applications. The ATN Mobility: An important feature in network is that all the other end users must know the availability of the datalinks so that congestion can be reduced.Hence it is necessary in a network to let to know the end users about the links and the multiple paths that reach all the aircraft airborne.Broadcasts in a network can lead to a serious problem of flooding. Hence inorder to satisfy network mobility the ATN designers have stipulated a concept called the backbone routing technology.This effiecient technology restricts the broadcasting of information to avoid flooding but at the same time allows the ground system to send information about the availability of the links and other information to the nearest aircraft that are with ints reach. This simple figure would easily demonstrate the backbone routing implementation. The router r0 is the aircraft router that is airborne.Now when it is necessary to communicate with the router R7 .the ground router has to update all the backbone routers that the aircraft is aavailable for contact.It is also noted that only the routers in home domain are updated and all the others remain unnoticed.Hence considering this situation R1 R2 R 3 are updated and the others are left unnoticed .. Hence routers not in home domain do not know what is happening. This helps to avoid flooding . The squares in the figure represent applications used by the ATN. The CPDLC application of the ATN is discussed in the later chapters as how messages are transferred.Here application H1 when needs to communicate with aircraft airborne,has the router R8 in the home.R 8 does not know any information about the aircraft,so it forwards to the nearsest backbone router R2.R2 knows the information about the aircraft hence it sends the data to R7 through R1. Thus data traverses.In similar case, application H2 needing to communicate sends the data to R16,From there the backbone router R5 takes over.But R5 does not have any information about the aircraft hence instead of forwarding the packet to R5 it sends to R4 and then the same process takes place. Both the aircraft and the ground routers at the ground station communicate using a protocol called inter domain routing protocol which forms the basis of this inter domain routing.This is the protocol that redistributes data over the entire networ k without causing flooding and thereby enabling all the communication . Now there is yet another to note in this backbone routing. Preference based routing is necessary to allow multiple paths in a network to be available simultaneously.Some applications may require quality of service for cost and safety for performance isues.In such cases it is required to route over the other available routes.here in this considered case,aircraft router has both VHF and satellite conection .In case if the VHF is not available then a satellite connection is used to transfer data . accordingly the aircraft router R9 will take its turn to send information through the router R4 which is in ground .all entries are stored in packets by the routers they pass through.By this the packets can be examined by the other router for the shortest path to be taken to the destined aircraft it should be sent.Thus the mobility of the ATN works,adding more reliability to the communication system . ACCOMODATION OF LOW BANDWIDTH : As specifeied earlier the design of ATN is designated to accommodate the low bandwidth froundlinks to the network.Accordingly,the throughput for the groundlnks to operate in ATN is expected to operate in a low bandwidth than the available system today.Hence a compression methodology has to be used for thi purpose.The present VDL2 comunication used in aeronautical communication a channel that can transfer 32 k bits / second is shared by multiple aircraft using the carrier sense multiple access method.It is a notable feature that ATN has let also multiple compressions to occur in its routers .The rate of compression is not a fixed one.It is determined when an aircraft enters the region of an ATN router .An open system interconnection network connectionless protocol is used for this kind of purposes.It reduces hundred bytes of header information to six btes.Another technique used to compress the header is the deflate technique.A deflate algorithm uses the similar kind of mechanisms used by the ZIP used in compressing text files.It compresses both the header and the data units available to the aircraft .this way by compressing the data units,low bandwidth channels are made use by the ATN effieciently. APPLICATIONS OF THE ATN: The standardization of ATN by the international civl aviation organisatio has led to the development of four applications.These four applications are of more significance in the aviation industry since they help in navigation of aircrafts when air borne .These applications are Context Management Automatic dependent surveillance system Controler pilot data link communications Digital-Inflight information system The digital inflight information system is used to get updates from the ground sation required for the flight such as weather udates and other traffic conditions in terminal area ehich is essential during landing The controller pilot data communications is a essential development and this thesis would deal mainly with this application that exactly replaces the voice communications with the data messages to the extent it could do . The automatic dependent surveillance system is highky essential for the transmission of digital information regarding the position of the aircraft to the radar at the ground station so that automated networks and systems can maintain adequate separation of aircrafts in air.The separation of aircrafts depending up on their size and type is an important consequence in the field of Aviation where it constitutes to the safety of the planes going at higher altitudes . Context management is another directional service,where specific features could be provided to the aircraft on logging in to that particular air traffic system,associated with the network address of the server at the ground station.Thus aircraft being guided till the terminal control are where the approach controller would take care after with the secondary radars being used for assistance . These applications would surely contribute to the effective communication between the controllers and the pilots who are air borne. The functionality of The Aeronautical Telecommunication Network : The functionality of an aeronautical network seems to be little when compared to that of voice transmission networks,but it offers more robust connectivity and more integrity in communication between two end systems that are either fixed or mobile or even adhoc,taking in to consideration for transition paths and end to end delays. ATN Components: Notably ATN supports many Full dupliex communication system. These are some of the supportable forms of the communications Airline systems and ATS systems Airline and aircraft systems ATS and aircraft systems ATS systems interconnected Airline syatems inter connected together Airline systems refer to the maintainence syatems that the airlines deploy such as dispatch deliveries and others whereas aircraft systems refer to the systems actually in aircraft that help to navigate the syatems The above figure shows the typical environment of an ATN Subnetworks,Routers and the Endsyatems are the major components that constitute to the building of an ATN. Subnetworks: Subnetworks which form a part of the comuication network. A subnetwok forms the major transferring medium between the sytems in the ATN.They are infact a major component of ATN .Usually packet switching netwrks are the subnetworks used in ATN. A lot of grond as well as air borne systems are equipped with capability of supporting this features in ATN. Subnetworks can be of two types. Ground to Ground (Fixed) Air to Ground (Mobile) Ground to Ground subnetworks are usually local are networks connecte with in subsytems .It can be the local airport network connected with the ATC to share weather and other advisory informations where there is no controllers employed for certain routes. Local area networks employed with token ring ,Ethernet FDDIare nowadays used as ground subnetworks Air to Ground networks are usually wide are networks .They are used when the air craft is air borne and hence communicates with the ATC controllers.Based up on the type of Network the ATN routers adapts itself to transfer the data packets between the adjacent subnetworks. The various air to ground subnetworks include Very High Frequency Subnetwork Satellite communication Mode S subnetwork HF subnetworks The HF and MODE S subnetworks are mostly used in short range communications.Mostly short haul flights that travel in the European continents are equipped with instruments that make use of the Mode S Subnetworks.Both the communications and the automatic dependent surveillance for spacing can be achieved with Mode S which is relatively cheap when compared others. HF Networks are much more similar networks but are used in relatively average haul flights which are in continuous contact with grund stations throughout their journeys with out any oceanic travel. Satellite communication and VHF networks are the physical transfer mediums used in Long haul oceanic flights .RElativekly costlier for communication but still used in modern days. Routers: The ATN routers play a major role in routing the packets to different subnetworks thus maintaining the integrity of the network.Since the air crafts change their course during their course of flight,the path taken in a network to reach that aircraft must be determined accordingly.It is the routers that decide the traversing of packets at any stage in network.The routing is performed on the basis of class of service the packets request and the availability of the links in the network. Dynamic routing is also supported by ATN ,allowing each router to update ,due to the changing courses taken overby flight and other failures occurring unexpectedly where an alternate path is chosen.Routers operate at the third layer of the OSI layer according to a set of predefined protocols.The necessary information to route the packet are present in the header of the encapsulated packet that a router that deals with. Routers in ATN can be broadly classified in to two types . Intra domain routers (static or dynamic) Inter domain routers The intra domain routers are local routers that are used in local domains and are not to global international standards.But the inter domain routers are all set to global international standards and can handle more traffic than inter domain routers . The ATN routers differ from the Normal routers by certai features that distinguish them.those are listed. In a ATN router there is a possibility of applying specific policies that enable the supporting of mobile communication providing effiecient air to ground routing The enhanced security system that ATN adheres to protect the tampering of data. Use of compression methods to accommodate low bandwidths in air to fround links and other data networks. Termination procedures and initialization of a new route when an aircraft enters the system or leaves is a major advantage in an ATN End syatem: These system integrate the host system with the network.all the application level services are coordinated to the host by these end systems to establish communications with the peer to peer system in network. They have the capacity to communicate with another subnetworks end systes in order to provide end to end communications to the ATN applictons that handle operations. It is for this purpose they have a seven ;ayered protocol stack that hosts appropriate communication services in support to the applications of the ATN. The above figure relates the constituent elements of the aeronautical telecommunication networks with the OSI layer protocol stack structures ,that helps in establishing peer to peer commuications with end systems. ATN domains : Unlike other networks ATN has also domains that are essential for routing purposes.Each domain may have inter domain router and end systems. To make the routing process simplified the administrations of the adjacent domains may combine together to form a single domain sharing a policy and hence making it single. Administrative domains are part of ATN where they are managed by a single authority.This administrative domains are either the Civil Aviation Authority ,an Air traffic controller or an international aeronautical communication service provider (IACSP) A routing domain may have the following characteristics. All informations regarding the connectivity and quality of the service related with the internal systems are are exchanged without any restrictions. With in a domain ,selected routes(the common routes to the other systems lying outside the domains ) may be advertised by a BIS router. These routes advertised by the BIS routers to the other routers that lie outside the domains are controlled by a policy that enforced by the advertising BIS router . The figure gives an example of an ATN domain Thus the very basic essentials of a data network that is used to exchange informations was discussed. In next chapters VHF which is used as a physical transfer medium is discussed .